<Word file of the PPT: 13 May 2002>
Sailing Further along the African
Coast
•
King D. João I died in 1433, D. Duarte succeeded to the
throne: The Portuguese
voyages of discovery and trade down the coast of Africa commended
systematically in 1433.
•
The passage of Cape Bojador: Prince Henry sent Gil Eanes
of Lagos who finally doubled the Cape Bojador in
1434, a point long regarded as the utmost limit of sailing along the west African coast. Azurara stated
that the Prince had made fifteen efforts before success since 1422. (Azurara, Ibid., Ch. IX) In his voyage of 1436, Afonso Gonçalves Baldaia discovered Rio d’Ouro
(River of Gold), a bay rather than a river, much north to the real gold bearing
regions of today’s upper Senegal and Niger.
•
Disastrous failure at Tangier, 1437:
Portuguese were defeated at Tangier, and King Duarte died in the
following year. The youngest
Portuguese prince Fernando was caught as a hostage, who unfortunately died in
the prison of Morocco in 1448.
However, Ceuta was still held, and more
successful attacks were made in Morocco by the Portuguese. The expansion of Portugal along the
African coast to hitherto unknown areas continued, promoted largely by Prince
Henry but supported by his second brother D. Pedro the regent.
•
The slaves trades: After a short interruption due to the
failure of Tangier and the death of D. Duarte, Henry’s overseas enterprise
re-started in 1441. Captain Antão Gonçalves brought back two
blacks from Rio d’Ouro, together with ten other
natives captured by Nuno Tristão,
who further sailing to reach Cape Blanco (20°46′N)
in the same year. Since then,
slaves raids extended (1443~48), large slaving voyages and trades followed
(1445~).
•
The twilight of the Prince: D. Pedro was dismissed from the Regency, and Afonso V took over the reins of government in 1448. Quest for Prester
John, and gold-mine in place of geographical discovery which became the main
targets of maritime ventures. In
1454, Henry sent Alvise da Cadamosto,
a Venetian nobleman and merchant, to discover Guinea via Madeira and
Canary. Together with Genoese Antoniotto Usodimare, they
reached the Cape Verde Islands in 1457.
Henry also sent Diogo Gomes to Guinea in 1456
for exploring the region of the Gambia River, there
they found some black kingdoms in today’s Senegal and beyond. Gomes also
claimed that it was him who first discovered the Cape Verde Islands. Before his
death on 13 November 1460 in Sagres, Portuguese made
an attack and captured Alcácer-Seguer near Tangier in
1458.
The Up-growing Maritime Giant －
From Afonso V to D. João II, 1460~1481
Overseas Policy
Continued (by Afonso V, “The African”): Trade and Navigation
•
Further maritime discoveries: A
five-year royal contract was made with Fernão Gomes
in 1469, that 200 thousand reis
per year for discovering 100 leagues along the Gulf of Guinea, i.e. a million reis for 500 leagues in five years. João de Santarém
and Pero Escobar discover-ed Shama
Bay (Gold Coast/Ghana) to Cape Three Points, and São Tomé
and Príncipe in 1471. Next year, Fernão
do Pó discovered the island Formosa, later named for
him－Fernando Po, today’s
Bioko.
During 1471~75, Lopo Gonçalves
sailed to Cabo de Lope (Cape Lopez), and Rui de Sequeira continued on as
far as Cabo de Catarina
(Cape Catharine).
•
Territorial occupation followed: In
Morocco, the Portuguese captured Arzila on 24 August
1471, and entered Tangier without defense.
Together with previously Cueta, Alcácer-Seguer, Portuguese then had four bases in
Morocco. Besides, Azemmour, Safi, and Larache also fell into their control. King Afonso V
entitled himself as “King of Portugal and of Algarve on this and on the other
side of the sea in Africa”.
•
Gaining profit from trade:
On-going profit continually gained from the trade of Malagueta
pepper, ivory, gold, and salves.
Treaty of Alcáçovas-Toledo, 1479~1480: The division of territorial claims between
Portugal and Castile, confirmed by the papal bull Aeterni
Patris on 21 June 1481. The Azores, the Madeiras,
and the Cape Verde Islands belong to Portugal; the Canaries remains
Spain.
•
Treaty of Las Terçarias de Moura & Treaty of Medina del Campo, 1430
•
The papal bull Aeterni
Patris on 21 June 1481
The Perfect Prince Came to Power:
D. João II, 1481~1495
•
The first fortress São Jorge da Mina, 1482: Diogo de Azambuja set out from Lisbon in December 1481, arrived in
Gold Coast (today’s Ghana) a month later, there they built a fort as a (1)
military centre (2) trading center (3) bridgehead for advance. Diogo de Azambuja became the first Captain of Mina.
•
Exploring voyages of Diogo Cão and four padrões:
King João II sent Diogo Cão
to further explore the African coast beyond Cape Catharine. He discovered Rio Zaire (Rio Poderoso, River of Congo) and set up the first
Portuguese padrão on the south bank of the river, today still known as Ponta do Padrão, in 1482. Setting up the second padrão
at Santo Agostinho in Cape of Santa Maria (13° S latitude) in further south of Angora. In his second voyage to Africa in 1484, Cão erected the third one at Cabo
Negro (Monte Negro) near Porto Alexandre (Tombua), and the fourth at Cabo
do Padrão (Cape of Cross, 22°10’S)
in South West Africa (Namibia).
•
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<Word file of the PPT: 20 May 2002>
•
What is Padrão? What is the padrão for?
•
Mission of Afonso de Paiva and Pero de Covilhã in 1487: En land route to the East
King João II
organized expeditions by land and by sea in the hope of reaching Ethiopia and
India. Afonso
de Paiva, who carried letters from João II to Prester John, and Pero de Covilhã, who was to gather information about the Indian
Ocean, set out from Santarém in May 1487 by way of
Barcelona－Naples－Alexandria－Cairo－Aden
(1488), where the two parted. Paiva for Ethiopia, while Covilhã
to India. Paiva
died before reaching Prester John. Covilhã’s travel: Aden－Cannanore－Calicut－Goa [on his return followed the east coast of Africa
as far south as the mouth of Zambezi.]－Cairo
(late 1490)－Aden－Ormuz－Ethiopia,
where he remained for the rest of his life. Covilhã’s
letter was carried by José de Lamego.
•
Voyage of Bartolomeu Dias, 1487~88: Double the Cape of
Good Hope
Dias set out from Lisbon in early August 1487,
passed beyond Cape of Cross, the final padrão set by Cão,
in December. They sailed into a
storm for 13 days after left Lüderitz, and finally
landed at Mossel Bay (Baia
dos Vaqueiro).
Factually, Dias had doubled the south end of the African continent,
where Dias initially named Cape of Storm on 16 May 1488 during his returning
voyage, but later renamed as Cape of Good Hope by the Portuguese king. They continued to sail eastward to a
point called Great Fish River (Rio do Infante), where
the coast starts to turn northeastward. Dias set a padrão there, and
returned their voyage westward.
They finally arrived in Lisbon on December 1488.
•
What Bartolomeu Dias had achieved was one of the most significant
geographical discoveries ever made by men － a
passage from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean, which had been long sought by
many of his predecessors from the time of Prince Henry the Navigator, and
leading his successors finally to attain the target they had in view.
•
The significance of Pero de Covilhã’s letter to King D. João II
Christopher Columbus and his
American Voyage for Spain
Christopher Columbus, a Genoese by birth, first
arrived in Portugal in May 1476. He
ever accompanied Diogo de Azambuja
to build up São Jorge da Mina on the Guinea coast in 1482. In 1484, he petitioned King João II to
finance him in a venture to the land of Cipango
[Japan] and Antiles by sailing westbound but was
rejected by the King. Columbus then turned to Spain (Queen Isabella I of
Castile + King Ferdinand of Aragon in 1479) in 1485. The Spanish Crown finally granted
Columbus an American voyage after they had expelled the last moors from Granada
in 1492.
<Word file of the PPT: 27 May 2002>
The Four Papal Bulls of the Pope
Alexander VI
•
The Portuguese response to the Columbus voyage: D. João II’s
concern
•
The First bull, Inter Caetera,
issued by Pope Alexander VI on 3 May 1493
•
The Second bull, Exiamiae
Devotionis, issued on 3 May 1493: to reinforce the Spanish claim.
•
The Third bull, Inter Caetera,
issued on 4 May 1493: A
line was set 100 leagues west of either Azores or the Cape Verde Islands.
•
The Fourth bull Dudum Siquidem, issued on 26 September 1493: Confirmed the Inter Caetera of 4 May.
The Treaty of Tordesillas
between Portugal and Spain, 7 June 1494:
An
imaginary line of demarcation was set 370 leagues beyond the Cape Verde Islands, any land found by either country in the bound of
the other was to be surrendered.
The Accession of D. Manuel I,
1495~1521: “The Fortunate”
•
The Death of “The Perfect King” D. João II on 25 October
1495
•
The Expulsion of Jews
•
The Marriage of
D. Manuel I and Princess Isabel of Castile in October 1497
第 三 講
The Advent of the Portuguese Maritime Empire
The Discovery of India
Vasco da Gama and his Pioneering
Voyage to India, 1497~99
•
The Mission and objects of Da Gama’s voyage:
Da Gama’s mission was essentially exploration, rather than commercial
venture. He was ordered to (1) find
the maritime route to India; (2) tap the spice markets of the East; (3) make
contact and possibly treaties of peace and alliance with Christian rulers who
supposedly lived there.
•
Da Gama embarked upon his voyage in the nau < São Gabriel>, the
flagship of a four-vessel fleet, from Lisbon on 8 July 1497. Other three captains were Paulo da Gama,
Vasco’s brother, in another nau < São Rafael>, Nicolau Coelho in a
caravel <Berrio>, and Gonçalo Nunes in a supply ship. They were accompanied by Bartolomeu Dias
in a caravel bound for São Jorge da Mina.
They arrived in Santiago of the Cape Verde Islands on 27 July, departed
on 3 August. Since then until the
landfall of the Santa Helena Bay on 8 November, ninety days they were in the
high seas of the Atlantic Ocean. Gama
passed the Cape of Good Hope on 22 November, set a padrão in Angra de
São Braz on 25 November, and another in Quelimane on 24 January 1498. Thence, after passed two Muslim cities
Mozambique and Mombasa, they reached Melinde on 29 March, where they hired a
Gujarati to be their pilot to across the Ocean in northeasterly direction to
India. Finally, Da Gama reached
Calicut on the Malabar Coast of Southwest India on 20 May 1498.
•
Da Gama left Calicut on 30 August, after encountered the Indian ruler Samorin,
with spices fully loaded. The <Berrio>
returned to Lisbon on 10 July, whereas Da Gama and < São Rafael>
arrived on 18 September because the death of his brother Paulo in the Azores.
•
The Significance of da Gama’s
Voyage
•
The West finally found the Índies: Overthrowing the long-standing
Ptolemy’s classical geographical concept.
•
The World on the move: “What brought you here?” the Moors on the shore
asked, the Portuguese answered: “Christian and spices”. In his letter to Queen and King of
Spain, D. Manuel I entitled himself as “King of Portugal, and of Algarve, Lord
of Guiné, and the Conquest, Navigation, Commerce of Ethiopia, Persia, and
India.” In his letter to the Pope,
Manuel I reported that the Samorin was a Christian (non-Muslim), as were the other Christian rulers in India.
<Word file of the PPT: 3 June 2004>
The Voyage of Pedro Álvares Cabral and the Discovery of Brazil, 1500
•
In order to establish the commerce with India and open
diplomatic relations with the Samorin and other
Indian rulers, Pedro Álvares Cabral was appointed as the Captain-major of a
thirteen-vessel fleet. They
departed from Lisbon on 9 March 1500, and passed the Cape Verde Islands on 23
March. For an unknown reason, the
wind blew them to a new land where they called Monte Pascual
in the “Land of the True Cross” (Terra do Vera Cruz), on 22 April. This new discovered land of the True
Cross later renamed as Santa Cruz by King Manuel I, which is today’s Brazil for
the profitable wood it produces.
•
After short stopped over in Brazil, Cabral set sail on 2 May, and reached Calicut in India on 13 September. As the hostility of Indian Samorin and Arabian merchants, Portuguese transferred their
headquarters from Calicut to Cochin, besides built
trading posts (feitorias) in Cannanore and Quilon along the
Malabar Coast. Before left India
with pepper and other spices, Cabral had laid a foundation for the future
Portuguese empire in southwest India.
•
The Contribution of Cabral’s voyage: Cabral was the first captain who ever
touched four continents of Europe, Africa, America, and Asia. His voyage tied the trade of four continents
together. The sequence of his
voyage was the establishment immediately of a Portuguese maritime empire from
Africa to the farthest East, and slowly of a land empire in Brazil. (B Diffie, Foundations of the Portuguese Empire, 1415~1580,
Ch. 9, p. 194.)
•
Information brought back by Pedro Álvares
Cabral about India
The Annual Voyage of
Portuguese Armada de Índia,1500~1505
•
The Carreira da Índia: To ensure the trade of India, and
further explore the East, the Portuguese Crown decided to
regularly dispatch trading and exploring fleet to India every year after the
return of Cabral on 1501. Although
high-profit spices maintained to be the main motive for Portuguese Indian
voyage, about that Lisbon hereby soon became the chief entrepôt
in Europe for oriental products; military factor was also simultaneously
increasing.
•
The Voyage of João de Nova,
1501: As the Captain-major of a four-vessel
fleet, João de Nova left Lisbon for India on 15 March
1501, and all safely returned in the following year. On his way back, he discovered St.
Helena Island and Ascension Island, besides an island near Mozambique
discovered earlier, later named after him — João de
Nova.
•
The Voyage of Vasco da Gama, 1502: Da Gama was again sent out as Captain-major of 20
ships to punish the Arabs and to close the Red Sea, in order to cut the trade
route through Egypt to Alexandria.
•
The Voyage of Afonso de
Albuquerque, 1503:
Albuquerque left Lisbon on 6 April 1503 as the Captain-major of a three-vessel
fleet. He built the first fort in
Cochin.
•
The Voyage of Lopo Soares, 1504: Soares
sent out as the Captain-major of a three-vessel fleet on 22 April 1504.
•
The Voyage of Francisco de Almeida, 1505: D. Francisco de Almeida, the
Captain-major of 22 vessels, sent out as first governor of the Indies. He took Quiloa
and Mombasa on the African coast and established
forts at Calicut, Cananor,
and Cochin on the Malabar Coast.
•
The Voyages of Tristão da Cunha, and Afonso
de Albuquerque, 1506: 16
ships set sail on 6 March 1506.
•
The Voyage of Jorge de Mello Pereira, 1507: 12 ships left Lisbon on 12, 13, 15, and
20 April 1507.
•
The Voyage of Jorge de Aguiar,
1508: 8 ships left on 9
April 1509.
•
The Voyage of D. Fernando Coutinho,
1509: 15 ships left on 12 March 1510.
•
The Voyage of Diogo Mendez de Vasconcellos, 1510: Vasconcellos was sent as the Captain-major of a
four-vessel fleet with special mission to explore Malacca, but later was
stopped by Governor Afonso de Albuquerque in India.
<Word file of the PPT: 10 June 2004>
From the Discoverers to the
Conquerors, 1505~
Information Gained by the Armada
de Índia
The Set-up of the Viceroy and
Governor of India, 1505
•
D. Francisco de Almeida appointed as the first Viceroy of
India: In the rigimento (commission) issued to Almeida, dated 5
March 1505, he was instructed to built up fortresses on the east African Coast,
and to seal the mouth of the Red Sea. During his tenure of three years, Almeida
took Sofala and Kilwa from
the Arabs and found Mozambique; built a fort at the Angediva
Islands off the west coast of India.
Later, he also destroyed the Moslem fleet in the battle of Diu on 2 February 1509, definitely establishing Portuguese
control in Indian waters.
•
Afonso de Albuquerque
succeeded as the second Governor of India, 1509: Governor Afonso de
Albuquerque conquered Ormuz on the Persian Gulf in
1507, made Goa the capital of the Portuguese
possessions in 1510, and in 1511 took Malacca as the bridgehead for the
Portuguese further advance and the headquarters of the Portuguese in Southeast
Asia. In his tenure of
governorship, Albuquerque opened communication with Siam, the Moluccas, and China.
The Conquest of Goa, 1510: Capital of the Portuguese empire in Asia
The Conquest of Malacca, 1511:
Headquarters of the Portuguese empire in East Asia
The Control of the Arabian Sea
and the Sunda Seas
The Discovery of the Spice
Islands, 1511~12: Malucco
The Great Plan of Afonso de Albuquerque
The Arrival of the Portuguese in
China, 1514: Jorge Álvares
The First Armada to China,
1517: Fernão Peres de Andrade
The First Portuguese Ambassador
to China, 1517~1522: Tomé Pires
The Discovery of Japan, 1542
The Estato
de Índia