History of Portuguese Maritime Discoveries
(葡萄牙海上發現史)
by
Stephen
Tseng-hsin Chang, PhD (Reading,UK) 張增信
Portugal,
a small Lusitanian (Lusitano or Luso) state of the Iberian
Peninsula, perched on the south-west rim of the Euro-Asian continental plate,
with an area of only 92,000 square kilometers and a population of less than
1.25 million at that time, was, however, a leader in terms of maritime
discoveries, and was the first European colonial power to reach Asia at the end
of the fifteenth century. During
the succeeding years, within a century, the influence of the Portuguese
maritime empire had covered the whole Indian Oceanic basin, from the Cape of
Good Hope to the Moluccas, and
This
course will explore how this small Iberian state soon built up a phantom
maritime empire in remote
十六世紀西班牙歷史學家佛蘭西斯哥•羅佩茲•地•葛馬拉 (Francisco López de
Gógmara) 在其《東方通史 (Historia Genereal de las Indias)》(1553)一著中描述葡萄牙人發現東印度的航路是：「自上帝創世以來，除了祂自己道成肉身並受死復活以外，人類最偉大的事件。」十八世紀英國著名的經濟學家亞當•史密斯 (Adam Smith)，在其名著《國富論 (The Wealth of Nations)》(1776) 亦說：「美洲的發現與經由非洲好望角到達東印度航路的發現，是人類歷史上所記錄的兩件最偉大的事件。」今日西方對中古與近代歷史的斷代是以歐洲人向海外擴張的大航海時代作為分界。而十五世紀起，葡萄牙人在非洲與亞洲的海上發現，更是獨領近代大航海世紀的里程碑。隨葡萄牙人而起的西班牙人於十七世紀在美洲殖民；繼踵而來的荷蘭、英國亦次第入主亞、非洲。中國大陸製作的《大國崛起》，即以葡萄牙作為近代歐美崛起的第一強。大航海時代所帶來的是五大洲由此前的分立到結合，全球商品往來互動、東西文化交流不絕，其影響可謂無遠弗屆。葡萄牙此一伊比利半島半島茸爾小邦，能成為開創近代歷史的先驅國；其航海發現史在世界人類史上的地位，不可謂之不鉅。本課程將介紹它是如何於十五至十六世紀成為發現新航路與新大陸的海上巨人，以及其間種應運而生的政治、經濟與文化的遭遇和衝突。
• Course Syllabus •
Introduction: Approaches to the Portuguese
Maritime History
l Archives, Chronicles, and Private Accounts
l Portuguese Portolano Cartography
From
l
Natural and Human
Phenomena: Land and People
l
Dynasty of
l Dynasty of Aviz
l Under the Spaniards
The Great Epoch of the Portuguese Maritime
Discovery
l Motives behind the Portuguese Overseas Expansion and Maritime Discovery
l The Beginning of Overseas Expansion ― The Capture of
l New Discoveries along the African Coasts
l The Up-growing Maritime Giant ―From Afonso V to D. João II, 1460~1495
The Advent of the Portuguese Maritime Empire
l The Discovery of
l From the Discoverers to the Conquerors, 1505~
l The Estato de Índia
l Process to Form a Colony
• Bibliography •
1. The Times Atlas of the World, the
7th comprehensive edition, Times Books, 1985.
2. The Great World Atlas, the new
3rd edition, American Map Corporation, 1992.
3. Oxford Atlas of the World, the 2nd
edition, Oxford University Press, 1993.
4. The Time Atlas of World History,
Revised edition, Time Books, 197?.
5. António Henrique Oliveira Marques, History
of Portugal, 2 vols,
6. Charles R. Boxer, The Portuguese
Seaborne Empire, 1415~1825,
7. Charles R. Boxer, Four Centuries of
Portuguese Expansion, 1415~1825: A Succinct Survey,
8. Diffie W. Bailey & George D. Winius,
Foundations of the Portuguese Empire, 1415~1580,
9. A. J. R. Russell-Wood, The Portuguese
Empire, 1415-1808,
10. Sanjay Subrahmanyam,
The Portuguese Empire in Asia 1500-1700: A Political and Economic History,
